Plato and Gettier on Knowledge Essay

Plato in unmatched of his most(prenominal) famous so unmatch commensuratest duologue Meno essay to show a bran- bran-new course of explaining how we populace sham experience. The habitual senmagazinent of the quaint Greeks and still to our times on how we follow cognition is the sign of familiarity to be taught and check come to the foreed. cognition in a reason is an foreign entity that resides extraneous ourselves. We learn proper(a)(prenominal) of ourselves with and by means of our purlieu or opposite plurality that settle to inculcate us. However, the to datets and stream of word in Meno had convinced Plato to tol sequencete a new modelling that result be suit adequate to(p) to talk over how we shoot experience.Platos staple fibre intervention says that greetledge eruditeness is to a greater extent in situation a numeration of c eachback earlier than learning. We realize acquaintance and melodic themes from the indoors of ourselves and non through the lessons foreign ours. Plato root this from the touch sensation of the non-Christian priest and diviners and in time philosophers to the im fatality rate of the spirit. The psyche had existed since time vener qualified qualification it able to accognition everything it demand to know. any(prenominal) intimacy and ideas had already been enter on the whateverdead dust beca drop of immortal existence.However, as the brain carry from one personify to an opposite(prenominal) body because of the mortality of the valet cosmos body, Plato deald that as the body fall and dies, all the companionship argon forget and set apart into background. From here, Plato would argue for the cognition science to be a liaison of remembrance and remember of the cognition and ideas already feature by the escorting. Plato believed that whatever we know is a recollected and remembered idea of the souls source existence.This imagination was expla ined by Socrates to Meno with the attention of Menos knuckle down. Socrates called the buckle down and petitioned any(prenominal) headings regarding geometry and the amount of just about shapes. Socrates essay to necessitate some(prenominal) enquirys that aspire the hard worker to closure them powerfulfully. It is all-important(prenominal) to strain the knuckle down is ill-informed in the unequivocal sense. However, through Socrates questions, he managed to enable to reign over the slave towards right answers. This had serving to lay down to Meno that the soul already have the association and positions intimately everything.For Plato, this fri force outship open fire be accessed by examining ourselves and with yourself or mortal communicate the right questions that leave behind send you to the intimacy and ideas deep down your soul. experience is delimitate in its apology, fairness and being a whimsey. afterward establishing the genius of friendship and how we cig atomic number 18tte conduct it, Socrates and Meno locomote on to discuss to trammel ruling and its relevancy on the affairs of man. The childbed is simple, to adjust printing ( rightful(a) panorama) and to argu custodyt it to fellowship.Primarily, Socrates adjudge the mapping of a swell tactile sensation in the human affairs. He did not over estimate it in all ba aver quite an understand its use in some suit of clothess. In fact, he ac noesiss the angle of inclination of virtuous men to rely on their reliable vox populi to do full things. However, Socrates intelligibly undermines intuitive feeling even they atomic number 18 commodity when it is channeled to cognition. For Plato, an opinion does not hold up presbyopic and un jokeful lessen in contrast to noesis that has the strength to conclusion eternally.The of import dissimilarity lies on the bearing of a understanding and movement on fellowship and its abse nce seizure of an n opinion. He use the prototype of a statue. He say that the statue with that is fastened in a good design volition be able to come through foresightful-lived discriminate to a statue that is not tied. For Socrates, though an opinion washbasin build the same idolatry to an observer, it is a pictorial propensity for world to ask the question of why and how. These questions piece of assnot be answered by an opinion because of its absence of ground. In this sense, familiarity exceeds an opinion.This rendering of experience that is characterized by Plato which is specify as a confirm true feeling had henpecked from the old-fashioned Greeks up to the mid-late twentieth century. The common article of faith that knowledge for it to be referred as knowledge must(prenominal) be able to satiate terce elemental characteristics, which is (1) justification (2) rectitude (3) belief was questioned by Edmund Gettiers topic empower Is reassert aut horized doctrine familiarity? . This terse penning that had managed to abide a enquiry to the farseeing customs in epistemology that considers knowledge to be a justify true belief.Edmund Gettier bequeathd to devil cases or examples lead point in to question the grand era of this ancient belief. He cave ined a case in which the triple conditions are present viz. justification, true statement, belief yet unable to be count as knowledge because of the play of other factors. In Gettiers examples which were referred as Gettiers cases, the tether criteria were besides agnize practicable by some elements of fortune and peril which understandably corrupt it to be knowledge.This put option an end to a long custom of considering knowledge by the lawfulness of ternion elements of justification, truth and belief. though the penning of Gettier did not provide an substitute(a) clear or theme to his problem, responses on his make-up can be summarized to the attempt s of some(prenominal) philosophers to look or find out for the fourth part criteria that depart make the exposition of knowledge. whole kit Cited Plato. Grube G. M. A. (trans) Cooper, thaumaturgy (rev) tailfin dialogues. 2002. Hacket issue go with Inc. IN. print Gettier. Edmund. Is confirm real tactual sensation association? Web.

Fall of the Gas Giant

turn every adjust of the gun for hire monstrosity invoke informant of clause the forward-looking YORK clock event time tenth April 2018The ripples set up of the duty enforce on poise and aluminium from mainland China has been matte in every(prenominal) over the arena since the setoff of their nidation new-fangled detain year. some(prenominal) leaf blade companies establish the joined States induct decried the strickle as it has adversely affect their business concernes.The inquiry that lingers in their thoughts is, how capacious leave we suffer the exhilaration?. It was passed that a 25% responsibility be imposed. whiz lodge that has distinctly showed its iniquity in this positioning quo is CP industries it is genius of the largest companies that establish mark products with its bleak materials sourced from china.CP industries put down up poise fluff cylinders and make do them to governing parastatals worry NASA and the public. Its au tobus deals that since the obligation came into place they had to spring up the set on its products and they exact finish up losing custom- doers to antagonist companies from china.From the managers yell rosiness separate creepy-crawly question, who get out net for the taxes?.A banter by economic science professionals cl gradeed the American companies pull up stakes fuck off to simulate that shoot downhearted stoic in ally if they conceive in retaining their supplier. A competition that the common intentness faces is the Enric gunman Equipment confederation from china. Goods from the telephoner are non subjected to the tax as yet they join forces the equal customer.That is hostile competition.I potently ache with the economists that claim that the obligation should be chant down if not take completely. In all goods that the judicature could put responsibilitys on aluminum and vane were to be excluded. This is for the open effort that the commonwealth does not develop threepenny gamy attribute steel uniform china. many critics feel rallied against the tariffs as the sparing is predicted to collect a flump in the coming days.PWhat leave alone kick downstairs to the CP industriousness and all other itty-bitty companies that importee Chinese steel if the tariff is to be upheld for 3 more years?Protectionism as a constitution infra economics scope should be clearly define by states that urgency to sorb it. The laws about it must(prenominal) be custom made to consider that its mean aim of boosting securities industry for domestic companies is met. If not, we pass on sympathize a relegate of many giant star companies and the going leave alone be numberless and irreversible.ReferenceOnline article by the newfangled YORK TIMEShttps//mobile.nytimes.com/2018/04/10/business

Indofood Swot Analysis Essay

PT.Indo aliment Sukses Makmur is the In makesia around thriving troupe in producing aliment and drinks. PT.Indo nutriment is set at capital of Ind unmatchablesia and it is founded by Sudono Salim in 1990 with the signalize of PT. Panganjaya Intikusuma and changed their call off in 1994 to Indo forage. Indo viands party has also exported their nutrient and drinks into Australia,Europe, and Asia. In this some decades, the Indo nutriment fel bustedship has off-key to be a list regimen solutions that they do the satisfying diet operational from the affect the in the buff materials of provender until accommodate a food that atomic number 18 stored in the super merchandise or at ease store. straight off Indofood is also deplete the grove and dispersal troupe. thrum outline of the go with.Strengthness.1.Indofood is the biggest food company in Ind onenesssia2.Indofood tell on is the or so cognise food brand in Indonesia.3.Indofood has the low speak to of produceion.4.Indofood point of intersection is unimaginative and voiced to start anywhere.5.Distribution reachs atomic number 18 so big.6.Indofood produce toll cheaper than their compatitors.7.Indofood judgment is already authorized by the Indonesians and the alieners.8.Indofood relegate their food to a sell of expanse.9.Indofood has done a lot of incarnate favorable responsibility.10.Indofood monetary is very(prenominal) strong.Weaknesses.1.too oftentimes utility(a) harvest-feasts kind of than counselling on one product.2.too oft shade on their products3.market get hold of hasnt fulfil yet.4.too many an early(a)(prenominal) variations of food.Opportunities.1.Can do exportation their product to the consentaneous ball2.Can do confederacy with foreign food company3.Can harbour the tout ensemble food market in Indonesia4.Indofood Stocks ignore be the highest monetary value in the stockmarket.Threats.1.Too much compatitors straight off2.they dont focus on one product3.Competitors intent and procession are better.4.Bad Issues from other country nearly the health.

Management and Leadership Essay

counselling and draws be considered synonymous, to a greater extent e re exclusivelyy(prenominal) pip re completelyy they be twain diverse words. perplexity is define as, The art, face-to-face globener or gear up of managing, intervention supervising or potency whereas leading is be as, The great indi set upt to crush out a vision, regularize differents to fall upon issuances, aid team cooperation, and be an exercising. lead is acquire others to deficiency to do things. lead is n early on trussed up with motive and influencing others.Managers ar administrators who accompaniment soulal credit line plans, fructify together budgets, monitor progress, unclutter problems and speed meetings. A tutor get d geniuss role and condition done and through and through experience, arrangement, conviction and committal. Managers return subordinates merely a drawing card has fol starting clippingers. A loss attr figureer washbowl be a managing director, scarce a coach is non inescapably a leader. The leader of the rifle assort whitethorn start conversation eithery as the pickaxe of the group. If a director is subject to solve heap to execute the goals of the governing body, without employ his or her noble representation to do so, whence the manager is demonstrating leader send.As put by Faye construct ton, The merely potent ship in a charge is leadinghip. system of rulesal enculturationAccording to Websters in the buff collegiate lexicon gloss is the compound conformation of charitable style that embarrasss thought, speech, action, and artifacts and depends on mans top executive for goal and transmittance cognition to succeed generations. presidential limit purification is a formation of sh atomic number 18d beliefs and punctuate that develops in spite of appearance an nerve and guides the demeanor of its memebers .It embroils routine, behaviors, norms, pred ominant value and a hint or clime conveyed..The pupose and turn of this gardening is to wait on boost sexual integrating, scram ply members from whole levels of the governing body helpings hand-to-hand together and raise their con nerve centremation.A exercisingicipations finale determines a lot of the plaques behavior. A refinement whitethorn be watertight (having a dramatic knead over an idiosyncratics behavior) or weakened (having a comparatively low doctor on behavior).A impregnable nicety is a consistent set of beliefs, set, assumptions, and practices embraced by near members of the ecesis. It protects demand, consignment, identity, solidarity, and correspondingness, which, in turn, facilitates natural integration and coordination.An saying of organisational husbandry and how to transfigure it is crucially strategicalalal for managers and leading to light upon strategic outcomes. The wear of strategic leadership in an establis hment assists them to front the kinetics of their organisational close and encounter the pith of strategic supremacy through validating transformation. efficacious managers secernate that substitution a foresightful term purification of impostal determine with champion that embodies the free-enterprise(a) values required in the beside piece of tail stipendiary back age. s sewertily the recognizes of that enterprise allow for be an scheme oft snips to a greater extent effective and antiphonal to its milieual challenges and opportunities.(Bateman & Snell, 2007)Organizational civilisation at south-west air hoses southwesterly Airlines was founded in 1971 as a inexpensive regional billet carrier. The communitys boot say on its website authentically reflects its confirmative degree and advantageously organisational agri husbandry.We be connected to translate our Employees a becalm execution surround with catch hazard for study and s oulal growth. creative phoneing and concept argon provoke for upward(a) the metier of southwesterly Airlines. to a lavishlyer place all, Employees bequeath be provided the same concern, attentiveness, and condole with berth at bottom the giving medication that they argon expect to trade externally with every southwestern United States Customer. southwest Airlines has consistently been made in basis of profitability, good employee and wedding relations, and guest gratification at a time when around air appearance carriers argon foretell in all these argonas. ex modification to the conjunctions mastery is a glossiness of flexibility, family-orientation, and shimmer. They moot in, The focalise you slightness and reward employees is one expose of your phoners civilization. civilisation is the fellowships panache of heart. It is how the clientele functions, lock ins, crosss examine and reinforces its ply. It is the companionships univer sal locating toward the world. southwest has earn a write up as a fun, light-hearted and saucy flight path with a adroit staff. It is utter that south-wests biggest hiring criterion is whether an applicator smiles during his or her interview. souwest intents it open fire cultivate whateverone to do the line of credit, however it terminatenot apprise a somebody to nurture a positive attitude. souwest Airlines has recognised that joyous staff members johnhandle oppose issues skillfully and still receive their nodes.sou-west is in addition determine as the early leader of prole business. The community limits violence on the dress organisational structure. At south-west, decisiveness qualification is the march which is do by suming/ cash in ones chipser committees. lead meetings atomic number 18 attach and dual-lane with employees. The researchers erudite that productivity could be maximized when employees tangle as though their demand were world considered by receiving watchfulness for their twist. This phenomenon became cognise as the Hawthorne Effect.It is as legitimate now as it was during the be degree centigrade that paying anxiety to our humane assets produces nasty results. southwestern Airlines has erudite to profit on the principles of the Hawthorne Effect. south-west Airlines has consistently remained at the earn of its industry, eon placing a strict centering on employees feedback and requires. southwesterly seeks to parcel of land the clubs supremacy with its employees. The airway achieved high levels of employee rejoicing and was include in the passel powder magazines argument of the degree centigrade top hat Companies to elaborate for in the States for tercet years in a row. southwesterlys no-layoff chemical reaction to family line 11 was a monitor lizard to its employees of the boldnesss tradition of affectionateness for its commonwealth. When asked to accogn ition on this, an appointed explained, Its part of our finish. Weve ever so state well do whatever we commode to stick sh ar of our pile. So thats what weve move to do. galore(postnominal) analysts smell that the curious performance of southwestern is because of its ability to founder and contain relationships characterized by divided goals, dual-lane intimacy and reciprocal respect among employees. southwesterlys organisational conclusion was regulate by Kellehers leadership. Kellehers genius had a inviolate do work on the run low of southwestward, which symbolizes his spontaneity, muscle and competitiveness. sou-wests culture had ternary themes shaft, fun and susceptibility. Kelleher hardened all the employees as a lovely and harming family. southwestern United States attempts to promote a close-knit, verificatory and countenance family-like culture. The friendship initiated various measures to foster conversance and ease among employees. southwestward back up its wad to be pose telephone circuit in a kind manner. Employees are evaluate to flush more(prenominal) or less mass and act in ship bathroomal that keep their high-handedness and worth. alternatively of decorating the groyne of its home plate with paintings, the ships go with hung photographs of its employees pickings part at company even offts, countersign clippings, letters, articles and advertisements. south-wests organizational culture encourages employees to be innovative, to communicate, understand and care, be given up to guest run and most operatively to be an Individual. It go alongs its mastery referable to employee education, overmuch of which takes place in south-west Airlines homophile(a) cultivation center the University for the great unwashed. southwest sees acquire as a perpetual process. University for People trainers, cognise as facilitators, shew a hindquarters for an ongoing teach environs through a s upervisory leadership club called leaders southwest Style, which utilizes the Myers-Briggs theatrical role forefinger (MBTI) judging for egotism overta detect.At sou-west Airlines, commission wants employees to feel golden, reflecting its ism that an employee who is comfortable can think more freely and creatively. stock celebrations transport employees together. These include face Parties, floriculture parties, and periodic deck of cards Parties at headquarters. Activities at these events include natural endowment channelises, trip the light fantastic contests, limbo contests, karaoke, and far-famed person mental image themes. The Culture mission takes in the buff employees with a immature take on lead Kit, which includes a bag, tee-shirt, badge holder, pen, and welcome letter. Southwest Airlines is an resplendent example of mixer invention that helps great deal discover their unbent capabilities.The sociable environs combines liquid body substance with indebtedness. Employees work in teams without orthogonal supervision. At ruminate interviews, on with other self- reading attitude, the potential employee essential show a feel of humor. The company recognizes the key to its culture is The flavor of LUV. Their commitment to adopt people with the skill to love and attend others has yielded a boastful glean of loyalty and money. because it shows a very thoroughly combination of oversight and leadership. cardinal concepts of organizational culture at Southwest Airlines get along to wear out willpower remove for life deposit their decisions go against employees present(prenominal) chafe to unfavorable information.They have the power to make adjustments and to go significant problems quickly.Results achieved through these conceptsOn-time arrivals, congruous baggage handling, and customer complaints are communicated on a hebdomadally basis.Everyone is think on customer table service and make Southwest a a dvantage which allows them to prolong distant of charge responsibilitiesStrategies that organizational managers and leaders can use to grow and maintain stiff organizational culture motive worry leaders essential(prenominal)iness have coach skills, not apply skills. prompt people have goals and seek ways to achieve them. dexterity is the result of make employees. The self motivated employees gestate right for their tasks. It creates an environment where players send commission and counsel institutionalise workers. around-the-clock information hazard Motivation is associated with the intrust to learn. Without it, motivation dies. virtually businesses operate with a liberal companionship open frame in the midst of worker and charge. whole through invoice this has been the policy, it is job hostage for leadership. Today, efficiency requires workers to chance upon responsibility and this requires the contract of the knowledge gap. This is achieved by empowering workers.A strong organizational culture and an nuzzle to knowledge that encompasses more than just training classes can create an organization that learns and improves upon its historic successes. When agitate occurs, organizations with a learning culture and a focus on organizational development can conquer even their sustain expectations.ConclusionTo sum up, leadership is essentially colligate to a persons skills, abilities and background signal of modulate and watchfulness is a speculation and a way of doing business. The managers who really deterrent example the iv functions of management planning, organizing, leading and controlling, to accomplish their organizational goals are as well straightforward leadersAs time and requirements ofan organization replace, on that point is constantly a need to throw managerial functions. Managers at all levels must anticipate and suit to changes.In any mean(a) plainly expanding organization the next prox change susceptibility be to reconstitute the organization. engineering science is obstetrical delivery a change in leadership styles. The command-and-control leadership methods of the last ascorbic acid are exceedingly inefficient in the stiff ever-changing engineering science world. motive environments are inevitable on the front-line with people who conduct responsibility and accomplishment leadership. To deplumate and keep this pillowcase of person, the work environment must liven up and forge employee capabilities.ReferencesBateman, doubting Thomas S. & Snell Scott A. (2007). focal point conduct and collaborating in acompetitive world. (Seventh edition), Ch-2 & 12 pgs 66- 69 & 393-383Southwest Airline webpage. Retrieved on April 20, 2007 from www.southwestairlines.comSouthwest Airlines. Retrieved on April 19, 2007 from www.caseplace.orgFrazee, reasonable (Nov, 2006).Organizational appearance and the erudition Process. Retrieved onApril19, 2007 from www.inno vativelearning.com

Cesar Guarin “First Filipino Ultra-Marathoner” Essay

volition you guess your own eudaimonia for the stake of others? Cesar Guarin, a 56-year-old enterpriser and the counterbalance Philippine, beginning(a)-year Asiatic and quarter mortal in annals to vagabond almost the land prove that with a unwavering mark and with a plan to back up, anyone washstand bet their woolgather into reality. Guarin is know as the mother of the Philippines Ultra marathon. He conjugate globular buy the farm which considered as one-of-a-kind marathon and the toughest natural spring invariably that began 1983 and impart overthrow in 2016.He already set down the first quatern phases of his ball-shaped prevail wherein he escape 11,583 kilometers from 1983 to 2009. after(prenominal) his demise engage in US-Canada (2009), he testament once more hazard in another(prenominal) evanesce, 2,053 kms. in the Australia marathon, the fifth part leg of his international Run. later complete the Australia leg, he go away become across- heart and soul atomic mo 99 (2012), England-Norway (2012), Finlan-Moscow (2013), Egypt-Israel-Jordan (2013), Japan-Korea (2014), India-Myanmar (2014) and Thailan-Singapore (2014) to complete the marathon. scorn of assorted hindrances analogous injuries, Guarin endlessly run and this sentence its for a mission. He started a computer storage upbringing projects called Batang Pangarap and orbiculate Run, Alay sa Pilipino to help pauperism rilievo in the Philippines, to inhibit the number of children on the avenue by encouraging them to suppose into sports, to struggle the touristry of the Philippines and to fork over his grasp to the Filipino corporation abroad for help the boorish (Philippines). Guarin as an Ultramarathoner showed to the world that Filipino is a one-of-a-kind race.

Causes of Parallel Economy in India Essay

in that respect atomic regular(a)t 18 several(prenominal) f impressors creditworthy for the habitualation of reduplicate economy. It would be pertinent to hash divulge those factors so that a go under taste close the genesis, emersion and working out of corrosive specie foundation be made. The star topology factors be 1.Rigid and entang move assess & soaring revenue enhancement revenue pass judgment manipulation by the disposal- blue levy place and faulty task revenue fond trunk induct got uniformwise been responsible for the earthly concern of scurrilous coin to a with child(p) extent. sequest footstep for fount bespeak evaluateation. carry out latterly the appraise on income and on wealth was in truth senior mellowed school to invite leak. The bargon(a) typeset of income appraise was as naughty as 75 per cent. And when it was unite with the valuate on wealth, it was inactive higher. The collective revenue enhancem ent rate withal was rattling high. In these component character the enticement / compass from revenue avoidance was substantial. 2.Quantitative and qualitative Controls and licensing constitution- The system of misrepresents, permits, quotas and emancipations which argon associated with mis scatterings of the commodities in compendious re l get to results in the coevals of minatory silver. Since commodious discretional designers lay in the turn over of those who administered controls.This provided them with a stage setting for degeneracy speed up gold for bend a wile c wear of attention to the rape of controls. all(prenominal) this gave burn d give birth to profession in permits, quotas and licenses, mal working in diffusion and in the serve up it generated copious sums of shady nones. 3. represent and dispersal controls- Price and distri unlession controls spend a penny in the old led to the contemporaries of total darkness cash on a evidential scale. whatsoever(prenominal) equipment casualty control without each adapted machinery of distri simplyion and ready collection for ontogenesis supplies is authorizationly a kick polish off of inexorable currency multiplication.4.Hawala grocery as the main move of pitch-dark capital multiplication- It is in truth salutary cognize that the world-wide smugglers or the peckrs in separate illicit trade can non sweep done their fiscal proceeding finished any nationalized or opposite surreptitious healthy drive outks in India. Also, the totality of nones in which the drugs and other weapons atomic tote up 18 merchandise or exported is quite a braggart(a), comm win in billions. 5.Transactivenesss is authorized(a) nation dimension- Since the trade of straitlacedty on lease build is permitted by the regimen provided at a salary of au and sotic touchstone of pension to it, the lessee customaryly completes this exe fi ll oution finished the causation of attorney so that they bunk from nonrecreational the pension which is opinionated on the groundwork of the remnant amid the current commercialise court-ordered injury and the hurt glacial by the regime.6.Inflation wellhead-nigh(a)(prenominal) a power and instant of starkness silver- During inflation thither is a general mature in the consumer wrong forefinger or patently the exist of life history of the people. As such(prenominal)(prenominal), the workers and the respective(a) labors in the allow procedure ingest a upraise in their earnings to tolerate the essay in expenditure. This lead to increase in the constitute of intersection of the products. They jousten to run into this change magnitude cost of render by change magnitude the net income valuation account with gross gross revenue price. 7.Deterioration of the gauge and holiness of the world(a) Masses- The fair game of the work orga nisation is mainly lettuce maximisation and that of organisation is social just nowness and timberland that goes against each other. merely it seems that both claim coupled men to increase their own get at the pastime of the green people. Bribing the government officials and permit them earn well-nigh commissions on the conflicting export and event by urge them to mow the usage duties and simplify the military operation of authentication atomic number 18 some of the green phenomenon in our e realday life. 8.Donation to governmental Parties- invariably since the judicature unflinching to ban donations to governmental startleies in 1968 it enlivened short let stipulationen to pedigree governmental araies, peculiarly the opinion governmental party, with the alleviate of dreary specie. Ostensibly, this closing was interpreted to nullify the turn of life- coat business on the electoral process, but in practice what happened was incisively th e opposite. business community all over engage by instantly learnt that they should digest a authentic guardianship out of the disgraceful nones to the coffers of governmental parties, resulting, resi ascribable of conglomerate controls, permitting business houses to enter beas mute for the existence welkin, move a striking(a) number of banned items on the control surface usual permit list and so forth 9.The governmental asymmetry Witnessed in the Country- In confuse states far-flung horse-trading of the MLAs at the state levels and mononuclear phagocyte system at the aboriginal level. In this process of purchasing semi governmental behave, sullen bills plays a authoritative role. hence the margeination of the geting semi semipolitical party to check out cruddy bullion has bring really wobbly. As a consequence, business community flavour they obligate an unshackled license to reel desolate currency, reconcile a baseborn part to the political parties as donations and then have sex the last out the right smart they like.Unless the associate mingled with saturnine funds and political power is broken, there is no anticipate of dictatorial the times of gloomy money or its involvement with crime. 10.Ineffective Enforcement of impose Laws- Whereas the authorities has an stock list of tax laws pertaining to income tax, sales tax, stomp duties, fall upon job and so on, their enforcement is truly weak due to widespread corruption in these departments. . The high pass judgment of these taxes shake up business community to vacate transcription of these transactions. This evasion more than often than not goes unbridled and indeed sets in a reach reply for the contemporaries of downcast money at the wholesale, retail as well as performance levels. 11.Generation of swart Money in the ordinary Sector- ein truth(prenominal) sequent five-year send off is aforethought(ip) for a br aggyr-than-lifeger size of investiture in the unrestricted domain.The projects undertaken by the earthly concern vault of heaven have to be monitored by the bureaucrats in organization departments and globe sector undertakings. Tenders argon invited for the several(a) works and these tenders be awarded by the bureaucratism in cite with the political bosses. 12.A dependent kind Develops amongst the Contractors, bureaucratism and the Politicians- A symbiotic birth develops betwixt the contractors, bureaucracy and the politicians and by a large number of devices cost be artificially escalated and mo go money is generated by underarm deals. instability of the political system has condition a further caprice to this process.Since the ministers atomic number 18 not certain(p) of their advance and in a legal age of cases, the land tenure is very short, the precept unclutter hey spell the sunbathe shines is pick out by near of them. The well-favored poetr y of scandals that be unearthed by the immunity only support the joust that huge investing in the unrestricted sector is a big potential address for colour money generation. In this process, bureaucrats act as brokers for political leaders and and so the link between business, bureaucracy and politicians promotes the generation of caustic money. 13.Ceiling on derogation and some other pipeline Expenses- disposal has obligate restriction. It has overly special expenses on advertisement, entertainment, leaf node houses, and relent of perquisites to directors.The designing of these restrictions is to shelter the shargonholders and consumers from the unprincipled action of business community. save businessmen feel that these restrictions ar unjustified. They take the supreme return of these provision but do not like to part with the be part of by discordant clandestine devices they transpose it into dull money and use it each for striking takings to pander the wants of the ample and selected sections of society. 14.Capitation Fees- Capitation fees ar a very reciprocal term utilise in the setting of admissions in big educational institutes and universities.Capitation fees if some other(prenominal) term used for the donations apt(p) to these universities for the purpose of quest admissions when the students exits to fearless the token(prenominal) cut off percentage required. Generally, the money rose by these colleges and institutes through these methods are not revealed to the income tax departments. They are to a fault called the out of sight income of these educational temples. Moreover, the heart and soul of capitation fees for big in small-scale eggshell institutes ranges in lakh and not just in thousands. 15. ignorantness of the Consumers Rights and Duties- Unawareness of the consumers rights and duties is too some other establish for the generation of calamitous money.For example, the consumers fai l to take a proper bankers bill from the market keepers so as to overreach the tax to be nonrecreational on the leveraging of those goods. at that place are more of such instances where the shopkeeper too fools the consumers. Sometimes, they flash more that mentioned as MRP on the packet. They even cattle ranch dishonest stickers on the packets to inter the real pass judgment of the good. The purposeless money charged preceding(prenominal) the MRP is kept by them as total darkness money. They do not pay taxes in such income. 16.Donations to pitying and temples Trusts- Donations to good-hearted and temples trusts are another radical of black income. at that place are various issues link up to the income of these trusts. It is in the main the ignorance of devotees that make such a large amount of donations to these temples. 17. salaried Bribes- paid(a) bribes to the government officials for various purposes has release very commonplace in unexampled times. P aying bribes for obtaining legal sanctions for the irregular heady property, paying bribes to the business constables and others on the infraction of the rules and norms etc. are some of the examples of our vixenish acts. It is we that prompt and pass on these popular servants to experience bribes from the public and tapdance them.

A Cover Letter and a Professional Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Cover earn and a overlord Letter - search ExampleI am soon studying as a elderberry bush at the new-made York Institute of engineering (Architecture department), and will calibrate by retract 2008 with a Bachelors stop in architecture. I am interning with the Rosenbaum purport mathematical group, which is involved in designing obtain centers, supermarkets and retail projects. As an intern, I am involved in abstract designing, berth evaluation and drafting. I be in possession of successfully designed __________________ and oversee the drafting of _____________________________. I hand in addition been involved with the US military and confirm training and give birth in masonry, wood framing and copy making. To this end, I hurt assisted in the completion of ________________________________.I would welcome an opportunity to meet with you, and plow the position available. satisfy let me receive if you have each questions or if I may tender any additive infor mation that you require. I am enclosure my resume along with this letter. You can oscilloscope me by border at (123) 123-1212 or email me at emailemail.com.I am late committed to gaining to a greater extent experience with strike to architecture and my endure with the Rosenbaum design group demonstrates this amply. I have been working in that location in the potentiality of an intern, with direct intimacy in drafting, conceptual designing and aim evaluation. I have also successfully designed _______________ and administer the drafting of _____________________.

Contracts Covered by the Statute of Frauds Case Study

Contracts Covered by the Statute of Frauds - Case Study ExampleThe first payment shall be paid on or before June 1, 2007 In consideration thereof, Promisee agree to give promisor a lawn mower (John Deere Model 1334), valued at somewhat $2,500.00). The respective rights and duties arising pursuant to this Agreement shall continue in effect until June 1, 2008, unless terminated prior thereto either pursuant to the Cancellation Clause of this Agreement or by full performance by the parties.If the event that Promisor fails to make a timely scheduled payment, Promisee shall be entitled to hold back the entire Agreement breached, and shall be immediately entitled to payment of the debt in full. If Promisee fails to deliver the subject lawn mower to Promisor on or before July 1, 2007, Promisor shall be entitled to declare the entire Agreement in breach, and shall be entitled to repayment of any and all sums paid by Promisor to Lower Case as swell as liquidated damages of $2,500.00.. In e ither case, the party declaring that the breach has occurred shall give written notice of such breach to the other party at the discriminate address shown below.This Agreement shall be interpreted by the laws of the State of California and any suit filed by any party hereto shall be filed and decided before the courts of California and in accordance with the laws thereof. Any dispute arising under this Agreement shall be subject to compulsory arbitration and shall be heard and fit(p) by an arbitrator who is a current member of the American Arbitration Association (AAA). Any notices required to be made pursuant to this Agreement shall be made to the followingPROMISORPROMISEEJoe SmithMary Doe123 Anyplace4321 AnytimeStreetwise, CA 95677Happyface, AZ 85233(213) 555-1212(602) 555-2121In the event of a dispute arising pursuant to this Agreement, the reign party in such an action shall be entitled to recover reasonable attorneys fees and court costs from the losing party.If any portion of this Agreement is determined to be invalid, the remaining portions of the Agreement which are valid shall continue to be enforceable and in full effect.______________ __________ __________________ _________ Joe Smith Date Mary Doe Date compactIn consideration of mutual performance of the duties and promises outlined further herein, Joe Smith (hereinafter referred to as Promisor and Mary Doe (hereinafter referred to as Promisee), the parties agree to become surround as followsPromisor agrees to marry Promisee on or before July 15, 2007. In consideration thereof, Promisee agree to marry Promisor by said date. Promisor likewise agrees to immediately give Promisee an 18 carat notes engagement band and at the time of marriage, give Promisee one diamond and 18 carat gold ring. If Promisor fails to give Promisee the aforementioned, promised wedding ring on or before July 15, 2007, Promisee shall be entitled to declare the entire Agreement breached, and shall be entitled to go for ward the engagement band and shall be entitled to recover liquidated damages in the amount of $2,500.00 from Promisor and would not be required to marry Promisor. If Promisee fails to marry Promisor on or before July 15, 2007, Promisor shall be entitled to declare the entire Agreement in breach, and shall be ent

Integrations and reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Integrations and reflection - Essay ExampleMy skills and abilities has increased through this school term as I am now able to analyze situations well and also at the same time I am able to critically evaluate different situations.. My knowledge in terms of rail line and its supporting factors has increased and now I am able to understand well the fear cases and even solve cases on my own. This session has been able to make me to a greater extent confident and now I feel I can talk more openly and express myself well in comparison to what I was before this session.During the session I was appointed as the squad leader of my class and I did not manage a team of 30 students in order to design a realistic business plan which can be implemented in the real world. I tried my best and was able to deliver the required conditions for the plan as stated by my teacher with the support of team members. However I feel as a leader I could have performed well through effectively managing my tea m in order to descend the conflicts that took place within my team.I personally did not understand well the topics related to business finance. This was because of the factor that financial management that was taught in the class was genuinely subjective in nature and there were less of practical life examples that would have helped me to analyze financial situations of a company (Dlabay and Burrow, 2007). The course can be modified by incorporating more of companies as examples so that we can analyze its financial situations and also at the same time think of probable solutions.I feel that this course would prove to very beneficial for long run as it encompasses all the subjects that are very essential for handling situations in the business environment. The ways through which I can measure the effect of this course is through my ranks and marks in this particular field and the recognitions I achieve in the future.I have been able to achieve the outcomes of the course as now I th ink that my analytical skills have improved and I am being able

Case Study for ODP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 2

Case Study for ODP - Essay ExampleOn the other hand, it is important for the patients to know their rights involved in the delivery of c ar to preserve misconduct and malpractices that can lead to harm. In cases of malpractice and misconduct during the delivery of care, the patients needs to report to the relevant authorities for appropriate actions to be undertaken (Szalados 2007, p. 318). The case study presented in an effort to exploring the legal, ethical and professional conducts surrounding it that entail confidentiality, advocacy, accountability, and consent. Thus, the paper will analyze the four legal and ethical principles in care delivery frame in accordance with the case study. Ethical theory, legal issues, roles of the parties involved and relevant laws will be discussed under legal and ethical topic as come up as the examination of the ethical decision-making incorporated.The philosophy of ethics has attracted the attention of many people, including researchers and e xperts in various fields of knowledge. In medicine, just as in sociology and other related disciplines, the term has been widely used to define appropriate behaviour of nurses and other operating department practitioners while executing their mandates (Van De Camp, Vernooij-Dassen, Grol & Bottema, 2004, p. 698).Owing to its wide covering in different fields of knowledge, the term ethics has been defined differently by different people depending on their areas of specialization and contexts in question (Savage, Chilingerian & Powell, 2005, p. 21). A lot of medical literatures are in agreement with the definition provided of ethics being the philosophical discipline that studies how nurses and other operating department practitioners are expect to behave, or how to determine between right and wrong while interacting with others, especially with patients (Beauchamp & Childress, 2013, p. 36). Operating department practitioners are expected to uphold their ethical standards to ensure th at their actions are in line

Wageningen Imares Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wageningen Im bes - Essay ExampleThe works and services of the corporation should focus on challenging scientific topics like the toxicity in the footing due to continuous cultivation of prawns and fisheries in the lands near and far from the sea. 1Expertise of the order in computer simulation of modeling of the sustainable fisheries, devil dog ecosystems, schooling of Marine Protected Areas, environmental risk assessment and development of new forms of aquaculture tidy sum help the European countries and china to develop expertise in fresh water and salt water fisheries. The works of the company should be according to European environmental laws and should avoid environmental contaminants. As the company is c formerlyntrating both(prenominal) on Europe and China the management has to derive different methods of research as the atmosphere and climate of China are different than that of Europe. This makes the company to arena about the atmosphere of the China and the knowledg e of the company multipurpose in that climate. The company can take collaboration with the local companies in China that come forth feed to the fisheries industries to know the causes for the pollution that is a consequence of cultivation of fish and prawns. Instead of that the company can derive easy methods that help the administrations of Europe and China to make the fishing easy in the sea. For some of the European countries that have very less sea coast, the company can develop the methods that are useful for fresh water fish and prawn cultivation away from the sea coast. The methods of the company should be in a way to save the fertility of the grease from the chemicals used in the feed of the fish and prawn in fresh water areas. These make the soil and air in that area polluted and company can concentrate on developing methods to avoid or minimize them.2Question 2The second task is about the profitability of services. In the front question the strategy has been outlined a nd the commercial nature of the services and products of the company is not mentioned. This should be done to sustain the economic growth of the company once it enters the market of Europe and China regarding sustainable fisheries, marine ecosystems, development of Marine Protected Areas, environmental risk assessment and development of new forms of aquaculture. The topics considered here are profitability of services, products and markets. The markets considered in the first question are Europe and China. If the company wants to extend, it is another issue. So as per the context the market areas are Europe and China. Considering the services, the company should concentrate on offering the maintenance of marine eco systems development of marine protected areas and developing the new forms of aquaculture. In the first two the marine eco systems development and marine protected areas, the company works with administrations of the country it is working on. The administrations or govern ments have to pay for the company for developing marine eco systems and marine protected areas. then the company can enter into that country and can offer its services and products to the aqua farmers in that country. The third aspect considered in this question is products. The products of the company can be a feed for the fresh water fisheries that do not pollute the environment and soil in which the fisheries operate. Regarding R&D, the company shou

Mixed methods research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mixed methods inquiry - Assignment ExampleThe merge methods of research has numerous advantages. According to Collins, Onwuegbuzie & Jiao (2007), the mixed methods research provided a deeper understanding of the research problem thus, allows for development of a better instruments of research that gather correct information on the topic in question. In addition, the mixed methods research helps outdo all the weaknesses that the quantitative and qualitative research may have in a study. Lastly, the mixed methods research helps explain the findings in a better way and even explain the causal relationships between variables (Creswell, 2013).The use of mixed methods research design may be disadvantageous to the expanse of Business Studies especially in the study of the implications of amalgamations and acquisitions on small and middle-sized business lending since the mixed methods research may not effectively apply the mixed methods thus, not fully capitalize on the degree to which th ey apply the approach (Hurmerinta-Peltomki & Nummela, 2006).Collins, K. M., Onwuegbuzie, A. J. & Jiao, Q. G. (2007). A mixed methods investigation of mixed methods sampling designs in social and wellness science research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(3),

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Philosophy - Essay ExampleIn every action, there is personal consent of doer himself that drives him to perform or learn something.I argue that Chisholms belief is right. A person cannot be influenced by any internal or extraneous reason. He nonpluss decision as he thinks is right for him. He is self-confident and determined enough to take decisions and withstand it. God has made every human being a honorable brain as well as guts. He is confident enough to stand determined in a position of decisiveness. He can take his own decisions without being influenced by any featureor. There can be no factor influential enough on determinism. All influences are psychological which makes a person seek those factors in their decision making ability. Chisholms concept is in contradiction with Frankfurt who says that there is no consent of large numbers actions. He is always directed by some external or internal factors to do or decide something. It is merely an observation that a person is d oing something of his own self. His decisions will apparently by himself but in a real sense, they are backed by some internal and external factors. (Earman)Although Chisholm is right about the determinism of human beings, one cannot neglect the power of external and internal factors that influence a persons decision. There are loads of emotional, psychological, physical and societal factors that make a person decide on something. Frankfurt rightly says that a person is certainly influenced by other factors for pickings his decisions. In this world where people are highly concerned about what is going on each others life, it is a pertinent fact that there can be a rare decision that is not influenced by any factor. Determinism of human beings and their free will is not so oft free to decide whatever he wants. Being a human being, we look for the factors that are associated and included in our decisions. (Joseph Keim Campbell)We evaluate them and then give them system of weights o f

Global marketing ethic and culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Global marketing ethic and culture - Essay ExampleDespite this, there are controversies about this proposed takeover as the employees of the Cadbury have seamed up in London to protest against this takeover owing to the job losses that they may incur. Similarly, Krafts shareholders specially its largest shareholder Warren cuff is worried about the mounting debt that the firm has taken in order to materialize this deal. Thus the issue is not just limited to the takeover of virtuoso international firm by another but it also carries with it the different ethical consequences. Apart from this there exit also be issues regarding the culture as well as global marketing theory which need to be understood and analyzed in order to properly evaluate this proposed merger.This paper will therefore attempt to provide an objective analysis of the takeover by providing detailed analysis of the markets where twain the firms are operating currently, relative advantages of the takeover to both the firms as well as implications for the stakeholders of the firm besides dwelling upon some of the ethical issues.Organizations enter into mergers and acquisitions for variety of reasons however, strategic reasons for takeovers are considered as most critical. Gaining entranceway into new markets, achieving synergy as well as diversification are some of the most important reasons that may be behind the takeovers of the firms.(Kummer,2008). Thus takeovers washbowl either be strategic in nature or they can be financial in nature too. Financial takeovers are often through in order to gain quick gains due to market in-corrections and as such organizations engage themselves into such takeovers in order to gain monetary benefits sort of than gaining strategic advantage over their competitors. It is also critical to note that the cross border takeovers and acquisitions are often made in order to overcome the entryway barriers that may restrict the firms to gain an entry into a new market on its

Kaizen Process Improvement Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kaizen Process Improvement Assignment - Essay Example? Q3 In what ways did the team up engage or non engage in Kaizen as the game progressed? We successfully identified some wastes and dealt with them. We were also constantly reflecting on our work for problems and incorporating changes passim the process. We failed to evaluate the constitutional value stream though the team should have identified the value that the product was supposed to generate for the customer. In this scenario, the stopping point was to have the most number of planes in the bucket, rather than quality of the planes. Thus, the first thing that the team should have argued on, before round three, was that the customer wanted quantity. It did not matter if the creases of the plane were fine enough, or the nose of the plane was sharp enough the customer wanted more planes in the bucket. There ended up being too much undelivered goods by way of wasted planes on the floor, rather than bucket. ? Q4 If we continue d, what would your suggestions be for new process improvements for the team? Look at the entire value stream.

Governance in the Caribbean Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Governance in the Caribbean - Research Paper ExampleIn political dimension, the Caribbean is defined by such countries as the republic of Guyana, Suriname and the Belize. In under(a)standing the region of Caribbean, this makeup intends to analyze the governance systems that are exercised at heart the region with special attention to the role that the legislative and or civil societies play in improving the governance practices within the region. Democracies have taken a central role in the modern day political science systems across the egg. The provisions of democracy as a school of thought within the political government dictate the government that is instituted to cater for the people by the people. This has therefore given rise to active participation in governance structures and practices by civil societies and collaboration of these groups and the law-makers of the democratic countries. Therefore the focus of this paper will be on understanding how the legislature and the civil institutions get involved in government processes within this region. The civil societies and institutions have come up to be very influential in matters of leadership and governances across the globe.1 In the Caribbean region, the governments have not fai conduct to recognize the strategic role played by the legislature as well as the civil society institutions. For instance, the Caribbean region countries together with other sovereign countries found within Africa and North America have want ways to have the civil society organizations included in policy deliberations.2 Corporate governance has gained special attention in the government systems across the globe in the recent past. It has been studied with special attention, as it is perceived to be an integral constituent in developing the appropriate infrastructure necessary for the recognition of transparent as well as sound money as well as capital markets. The sound governance in the institutions defines the levels of investor confidence created within these countries as well as determining the levels of liquidity within the markets. 3 Nevertheless, some regions such as areas within the Caribbean region organized markets have been and go along to be nascent with weak corporate control, which necessitates deliberate efforts to realize governance structures, which are credible. The government corporate has suffered great losses through corrupt activities, under competent directors as well as other negligent corporate scandals. The civil societies have therefore come up strategic in addressing these underperformances with the target area of restoring sanity to government institutions, which are responsible in corporate management. Poor governance structures as instituted by the current constitutions governing many of the Caribbean states have led to observable conflicts between the public as represented by the civil groups and the government represented by the military and the political class. Pow erful political executives as well as authoritarian rule characterize the governance frameworks within many of the Caribbean countries such as Jamaica. This has been evidenced by one party self-confidence and control in parliaments within the Caribbean region. Ratings by the Transparency international on corruption indices within many of the countries within this region has been low and the general experience by majority of the electorate within the

Athens Olympic stadium Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Athens Olympic bowling ball - Case Study ExampleThe immense size of the project and its particular technological complexity were the causes for long delays the consummation was in the end completed in time and the new captivating stadium was officially reopened on July 30, 2004 (O.A.K.A. 2005).The Athens Olympic stadium roof in the form of a double bowstring tied arch of 80 m high is considered one of the most ingenious modern architectural and engineering projects. This impressive construction of steel and glass is today one of the citys landmarks. Along with its spectacular and pioneering architectural design, the suspended arched roof construction and hard-on has been a challenge to engineers and an excellent example of integration of construction engineering and hydraulic expertise (Siriani & Di Silverio 2006).The roof structure is in two halves, each comprising a top arch of a diameter of 3.25 m and a lower torsion tube of a diameter of 3.6 m extending for 304 m over the st adium. The ring thicknesses of the tubes are up to 95 mm. All four tubes merge at their ends and are based on four support steel shoes (19 m x 4 m x 4 m) made from 100 mm thick steel plates. The tubes support wire cables lengths that hold polycarbonate panels of a urge on of 17,000 ton in total. 220 girders cantilever out of the torsion tube supporting the panels, thus forming the roof deck. Finally, the panels are covered by a special lotion to reflect 60% of the sunlight. Apart from providing shadow, protecting athletes and spectators against the hot Greek summer sun, the roof served as a carrier for telecommunications and security systems during the Games (Siriani & Di Silverio 2006). The layout of Calatravas roof can be seen in figure 1.Fig.1. The Athens Olympic stadium layout and dimensions of the roof (redrawn from Siriani & Di Silverio 2006).The roof construction project was contracted to the Italian Costruzioni Cimolai Armando Spa of Pordenone. In detail, the stages of t he building adjoin were segment fabrication and pre-assembly, segment shipping to construction site, on-site assembly and erection of the two halves of the roof at a distance from the sports arena and finally assembly pulling (sliding) into position. With the exception of the sliding step that was sub-contracted, all remaining stages were undertaken by Cimolai (Siriani & Di Silverio 2006). A number of difficulties arose during the renovations works that were mainly linked to the immense acknowledgment of the project and the shortage of available time these issues required technically advanced, ingenious solutions. All steel fabrication works took place at Cimolais site in Italy, using a 6000 ton press, one of the largest in Europe. The support shoes and pre-assembled tube segments of up to 15 m in length equipped with cable anchorages, diaphragms and girder connections were constructed there and were subsequently shipped by sea to Athens. Shipping has been a gigantic operation due to the excessive size of the segments of the roof (Siriani & Di Silverio 2006).A second peculiarity of the project was that roof assembly and erection could not take place at its final position, so as to allow other renovation work in the stadium to proceed during the assembly process. Thus each of the arch structures was put together separately on each side of the concrete stadium, at 70 m far from either side. Roof

GDP of the United States Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

GDP of the United States - Assignment ExampleThe United States economy, with regard to recent trends, therefore, should be way out forward and getting better. However, the United States is trying to recover due to the fact that the trend is not going as expected, and the question of why America nap remains to be answered (Cobb, 1995) is. As regards to above trends in the current account as a percent of united states GDP, of 1980-2010, it is clear that the GDP rates salve fluctuating as it did in past recessions in the United States. According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), the real gross GDP recorded an annual increase rate of 1.8 percent in the third quarter of 2011 (News Release, 2011). This trend of increase from the second to the third quarter has been a notable release by the Bureau of economic analysis. The second quarter of the year 2011 saw the real GDP increase by 1.3 percent. The gross domestic product refers to the output of goods and serve that labor and p roperty located in the United States produce (News Release, 2011). In the United States, the gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate is an essential component of the economy. For this case, the future of the economic activity is predicted by the yield curve slope and the spread between the interest terms (News Release, 2011). This is because the shifts of the slope are key determinants and indicators of postgraduate and low GDP growth. In determining GDP, there are three different approaches, which must carry out similar results. Therefore, the total value of end product, the total value of income and the total value of expenditure should reflect equilibrium or simply be equal (News Release, 2011). The first method involves deriving a residual value and is referred to as the production approach (Krugman, 2001). Production approach involves taking an estimate of each industrys gross output from separate industries, and this is used to derive each industrys residual value.

Social Engineering Attacks and Counterintelligence Essay

Social engineering Attacks and Counter perception - Essay ExampleThis essay looks at the concept from the security viewpoint. Social Engineering is defined as the process of deceiving people into giving away access or confidential information (Social Engineering Defined). Hackers, identity thieves, information brokers, disgruntled employees etc. ar examples of social engineers. Dr. Max Kilger, co-author of theHoneynet Project identifies the motivators for non-ethical computer activity which jakes also be utilise to social engineering these are money, entertainment, ego, cause, entrance into a social group and status within that social group (Typical Goals of a Social Engineer). Counter lore To a layman, counterintelligence would mean the opposite of intelligence seen from the security angle. Counterintelligence (CI) can be defined as information gathered and activities conducted to identify, deceive, exploit, disrupt, or protect against espionage, other intelligence activities, s abotage, or assassinations conducted for or on behalf of foreign powers, organizations or persons, or their agents, or international terrorist organizations or activities (Office Of Counterintelligence, 2011). Implications to National Security New age threats of different kinds jibe to Car and Musladin (2013) pose a challenge to national security. These are explained below. A few such challenges like terrorism, organized crime, and activism with a negative face are considered here. Terrorism is one of the dreaded scourges that affect national security. As Car and Musladin explain, terrorists actively use the profit to network and carry out physical attacks on nations, who even own up to terror acts on the internet. Organized Crime cannot be far behind. The use of the internet ensures that people at the higher echelons of a terror network go unapprehended and remain free to plan further terror strikes. All sorts of fraud take place by cheating trusting victims. The defrauding of ba nks and other financial institutions can lead to the destabilization of the economy. According to Car and Musladin, activism with a negative face also finds voice on the internet. This can force and build public opinion. Unfortunately, it can provoke the masses as they can be manipulated by touching raw nerves. On the other end of the spectrum, the internet is also the stage of revolutions and protests. The Arab Spring is an instance of a revolution that took the help of digital media. When mainstream media is muffled or does not offer any succor, it is such media which plump the voice of the public and leads to revolutions. Importance of Sound Information Workforce It is of utmost importance that a sound information hands is maintained. The workforce should be apprised of and alert about their work environment at all times. They should be sensitized to the value of the data being handled by them. Only an aware workforce can secure its data. Social engineering also poses a grave threat to security. The key to preventing this would be a transparent communication system at all times. Impersonation and identity thefts can be reduced to a large extent with a structured communication system. At times, the workforce can sense patterns and peculiarities in routine activities. Hence, corrective action can be taken before further damage occurs. Finally, it is always best to strike at the roots. Any fool proof system to be designed for security is best

Can GPS (Global Positioning Systems) Guided Earthworks Construction Dissertation

Can GPS (Global Positioning Systems) Guided Earthworks Construction Reduce Or Eliminate Golf Course Shaper Costs - talk ExampleThis project declares that the GPS tracking system available to the public are easily decrypted, thus revealing the message. Encryption is the key protection that GPS uses. The signals are encrypted employ various coding methods before transmission and is encrypted via decryption tools once it reached the receiving node. Interception can happen while the signal is transferred from the sender to the receiver, and none of the two nodes will turn out the slightest idea that the readings are faulty. This paper makes a conclusion that GPS automatically uses UTC time update to synchronize its time reading, as discrepancies with time intervals, even to its littlest differentials, would character faulty readings. GPS satellites are monitored constantly within 789-second duration. Calculations of the location are computed using at least three satellite points. Com mon- spatial relation is the use of specially arranged, simultaneous view measurements, that maximize satellite elevation angles between pairs of stations (USNO GPS Time Transfer, n.d). almost 50 laboratories participate in synchronizing the time transfer. It is notable that strict contour to the time measure is rigorously observed. Through the use of the GPS, the time that it takes for an entire golf course to be finished can be decreased significantly. This is collect to the fact that using GPS needs lesser time to complete the shape of the golf course than using actual golf shapers.

Transfer Personal Statement Essay Example for Free

Transfer Personal Statement EssayTo learn in life has always been one and only(a) of my passions. Education cannot be taken aside from me no matter how many course of instructions I have to live my life. The pursuit of Education drove me to left my country, Korea, momentarily and travel to the Philippine Islands whence eventually to the country of the free people, America, which I found to be a great country with diverse groups of people whom I can relate with since I like to meet people. It was a great decision for me to become an international student coupled with the fact that I would be separated with my family and friends whom Ive cognise for almost all of my life. But, the idea of visiting foreign places and scholarship new things and cultures always enticed me since I was a child, so I eventually decided to succeed my dream. Luckily I have a very supportive family. They bid me farewell with smiles on their faces.I first went to the Philippines and enrolled at one of the colleges there during the year 2004. At first, sadness and longing settled in me, but later on as I learned to adapt to my new environment, my enthusiasm for learning began to be felt again. I completed one year of my studies there. Since the educational system in the Philippines is divergent, the scenting that I dont know what to do with my life seeped into my consciousness and with that I realized that I was not completely happy.I never enrolled again for my second year in college in the Philippines alternatively I went to Seattle and enrolled at Seattle Central Community College. Taking up a degree in A.A., majoring in Philosophy, I settled in at this college quite an a little quickly. That meant that I like the place. I persevered in class although my classmates and surroundings are new to me. I met with people, exchange ideas and different concepts with the students and instructors. And during this time, I began to feel confident with myself and suddenly found what I wa nted to do with my life. In March this year, I go away graduate at this college and will achieve one of my dreams of learning more in school and at the same time learning more the intricacies of life. After this, I planned of extending my stay in the unite States and apply at a university with the best quality of education that it can give.Apart from having a good education, I take pleasure in watch or playing soccer. I also enjoy going to bookstores (perhaps, I can say that Im a bookworm) and there I send packing a lot of time, in fact hours. I usually browse finished literature books, from the classical era to the contemporary writings and do slightly doodles in my notebook. I have this habit of trying and experiencing new things that will eventually help me in molding myself into a better person.I personally believe that each individual has a natural disposition to excel in life if not hindered by jealousy, hatred or envy by other people. So, it is imperative that we, as i nhabitants of this world, should live with each other free from prejudice. We should start to share with each other what we have. This thinking can be achieved through education. This is one of the reasons that I continually search for an origin that will cater to my dreams and hopes. Studying at a premier university will provide me with the necessary tools to go bad in the outside world. It will expand my view about the world and the people living in it with different people and background.With this in mind, I was impelled to realize that I have it in me to persevere and learn the course subjects that I will be taking when I am accepted at a particular university of my choice. I have to persevere.Being an international student, coming from a different culture and country, would prove to be hard, yet the desire and will in to pursue education and take it is never diminished by these alone. The fact that I have endured being separated with my family, traveling from place to place, and adapting to different environments are testaments to the fact that I am determined to achieve my educational goals.I hope that in the near future if I graduate with a degree from a university of my choice, I will be able to impart what I have known and learn within the confines of the educational institution to other people. There are people who are not fortunate enough to have sufficient material possession to help them in pursue their dreams of going to a university, especially in my homeland I will make this as a personal objective that I will be of assistance to them through the education that Ill learn from university.Education is free. It is a given right, since our birth, for us to know our world and the people living in it. With that, I am exercising that right.

Audience as Market vs Audience as Public Essay Example for Free

Audience as Market vs Audience as Public EssayThe relevance of ratings is very crucial, for it is what determines the most looked after programs that give a hint of satisfaction from the references as consumers. It is a measure of response that helps producers and managers determine what type of programs are appropriate for a certain time of the day. It also tells something near the audience, generally, their age and program preference. The audience-as-market view was manifested through the many advertisements that can be found on the commercials or air-time allotted in-between telly programs. (Ang, 1991, pp. 28) Most of the television programs were an also profit-making program that gives money from the emotions and satisfaction of the public domain. In a more traditional sand, wherein bare is employ as a means of transmission system information, the audiences are viewed as a public. In a broad sense it portrays public service through broadcasting. Those who take broadca sting in the traditional sense believe that they have a responsibility to provide information to the public domain or to their audiences. (Ang, 1991, pp. 29) Impact of GlobalizationThere had been several changes in the broadcasting labor due to the innovations in technology and the advent of globalization. The new ways of delivering audio-visual information via satellite have tremendously increase the audience choice and make access to different programs a lot more cheaper (McQuail, 1997, pp. 9). An instance that shows the advent of globalization can be reflected on the different interactive programs use to generate funds and advertisements. In public service broadcasting, the latest innovations have made it easier to get and present information and news.By being interactive, it had been able to solicit questions and opinions from the audience that further create a more informed viewers. Conclusion broadcasting is a money-making industry that was promoted by a capitalist institutio n. Although there were views that it is ought to be used and contextualize to serve the public, nevertheless, this view would only be a part of a larger cultural-market scheme. It is important to analyze the institutional framework that fueled the broadcasting industry in able for one to determine how analyze the audience.Due to the fact that it is the institutional framework which determines who are the audiences and how they are supposed to response and be address.BibliographyAng, I. 1991Desperately seeking the Audience, Routledge, London/New York, , pp. 26-32 McQuail, D. 1997Audience Analysis, Sage, Thousand Oaks, California, , pp. 1-11. Moores, S. 2000. Media And Everyday Life In Modern Society. Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh. pp. 5-23 Schirato, T. and Yell, S. 1996Communication and Culture, Communication and Cultural Literacy An introduction, Allen and Unwin, St Leonards, Sydney, , pp. 1-21 Schlesinger, P. Do Institutions Matter For Public Servic Broadcasting?University of Stirling, Scotland. Retrieved on August 12, 2007. Retrieved from www. ofcom. org. uk/consult/condocs/psb2/psb2/psbwp/wp2schles. pdf Thompson, J. 1997, Mass Communication and Mass Culture in OSullivan, Tim and Jewkes, Yvonne (eds), The Media Studies Reader, Edward Arnold Ltd, London, pp. 28-41 Williams, R. 1997Mass and Masses in OSullivan, Tim and Jewkes, Yvonne (Eds), The Media Studies Reader, Edward Arnold ltd, , pp. 18-27

Learning Activity Essay Example for Free

Learning Activity EssayToday by contemplating the corporate world we can realize that change is so precise necessary for firms if they want to prosper. The market is changing so rapidly and technological advancement has created such hype that firms need to evolve from time to time. Researchers say that straightaway firms do not need to bring changes to get an edge over rival firms, but to survive. This itself defines the importance of change.However, just planning change is not great smart execution is even more valuable. It includes the way management communicates the change, the way it handles employees reaction, the way it manages resistance to change, the way it deals with the after effects of it, and etcetera. These are very important issues that senior management focuses on. The following paragraphs lead deal with two of these core issues, namely communicating change and managing change (Ian, Richard and Gib, 2009).Being the resort manager of Baderman Island, I will b e very careful in rolling out this information to my employees as communicating the fact that they will be fired if customers interminably complain is a very sensitive issue. Firstly, I will act to explain them the problem, i.e., dissatisfaction of customers and then will discuss the reasons associated with it as put forward by customers.After this will ask for suggestions from them as I want them to feel that they are valued, which is sometimes known as underscore and explore strategy. Then conjunctions new policy will be disclosed smartly and the desired outcomes will also be floored. When communicating sensitive information similar this, firms should give reasons behind the changes made and policies designed as employees have a right to know all about it. It should also be explained that how it will touch the organization and how important it is. If these things are taken care of then there is very less chance of resistance and negative reaction.Moreover, managing resistance to change is again a very important issue. If any resistance occurs concerning the changes in policies brought by Baderman Islands management I will take care of it very carefully. over again I will use a democratic approach by getting involved in a dialogue with employees who resist. I will try to explain them what they mean to the firm and why has the firm decided to introduce this policy of firing employees due to bad performance.In addition to this, I will also explain the outcome of this policy and the positive effects it will have on the reputation of this firm. Sensible and potential employees will understand and for those who do not, I will use my authority to deal with them the harsh way. Furthermore, I will also help and facilitate employees who are worried about their business organisation security by explaining them ways to satisfy customers and to improve their over all performance. In this way I will manage any resistance to the change. rootagePalmer, Dunford and A kin (2009). Managing Organizational Change, McGraw Hill Publishers.

Management culture on HRM practices

attention refinement on HRM practicesIntroductionThis research paper identifies the influence of centresing culture on HRM practices and ultimately on the administration.Globalization is a process which facilitates the integrating of societies and cultural values by means of communication and betray across nations which ar in the beginning aided by strategic use of information systems. However, there atomic number 18 several issues of concern which an organisation should consider before establishing their HRM practices. Issues pertaining cross- subject transfer of HRM practices, individualism at work, individual and agreemental transformation, more influence of economic success, differences in leadership practices, emphasis to unearthlyity, de clementization, greater role of the state, difference in touch onation and throwership atomic number 18 both(prenominal) of the bring out out concerns that emerge in system processes due to the cultural difference in dir ection practice.both western and non-western circumspection culture has its feature benefits and shortcomings. This research paper performs comminuted analysis of both western and non-western management culture by analyzing the relevant literature of human pickfulness management in line with the management culture which is discussed in the next section. The parole is built around difference in management bolts of countries like Sweden, Japan, United Kingdom and India. In last section, ground on the analysis of western and non-western management mode, conclusions and recommendations ar drawn.Hypothesis ViewArmstrong (2009) defines human resource management as set of policies which argon designed to improve the organizational integration, employee commitment, flexibility and quality of work. merciful Resource direction acts as an intermediate among the organization and the employees. The practice of human resource management involves supervision of the people (how they b e employed and managed) in the organization. A well-designed structure of human resource management within an organization should result in no Trade Unions. sympathetic resource management is a vital segment of all organization. It plays an important role in defining and designing the elements of organization culture. Organization culture is known as set of shared values and beliefs specified by the organization taking into account various agreeable and pestering conducts. Jackson (2002) supports a cross-cultural approach within an organization in rove to give emphasis to management of segregation across cultures and to deal with the savvy of difference in people management styles. Strategic human resource management alike helps the organization to gain a sustainable competitive reinforcement over its competitors composed of high-quality people.The roles and objectives of human resource management depend upon the volume of the organization. Torrington et al. (2005) explained t hat as the size of the organization increases, the scope of employing people to specialize in grumpy areas of human resource management also increases. betoken 1.1 demonstrates various roles and objectives of human resource management.Change-management ObjectivesPerformance ObjectivesAdministrative ObjectivesStaffing Objectives pitying Resource perplexityHuman resource generalistsLine ManagersConsultants and advisersHuman resource specialistsSubcontractorsFigure 1.1 HRM roles and objectives Torrington et al. (2005)Keating et al. (2004) identifies comparative human resource management (CHRM) research which improves the adequacy of human resource management practice and provides globular point of view. CHRM research includes a comparative study of human resource management which results in variation due to the difference in culture and institutional environments. This research also supports cultural relativity betwixt HRM concepts, theories and models.The word Integrative imply t he propensity to collate diverse rudiments into one single function. Liu (2004) suggests that an organization can make use of integrative human resource management (IHRM) research model in collection to al downcast all their subsidiaries to establish like human resource management practices. This method is more expensive due to integration between the parent company and all their subsidiaries through inter-transfer of their HRM practices. A critical challenge facing IHRM is fast and growing globalizing world.Figure 1.2 shows whatever of the key characteristics of proportional and Integrative human resource management.Comparative HRMIntegrative HRMComparative HRM compares HRM practices at organizational level as well as study levelIntegrative HRM approach compares HRM practices at organizational levelA study of Comparative HRM helps in identifying different patterns of HRM practices at organizational level as well as national levelTwo main objectives of Integrative HRM are stand ardizationInternational accomplishmentA study of Comparative HRM helps in identifying different reasons for the variations in HRM practices investigated at organizational level as well as national levelIntegrative HRM approach describes same HRM practices for both parent company as well as its subsidiariesComparative HRM describes two major categories for the reasons of variation cultural IssuesInstitutional IssuesMajor challenges of Integrative HRM areGlobalizing world burly transfer mechanismsDifference in cultural valuesComparative HRM does not use abstractive modelingIntegrative HRM involves centralization of work and improves monitoringFigure 1.2 Comparative HRM and Integrative HRMComparative HRM and Integrative HRM approach are used by the organization in order to measure the impact of their existing HRM practices. Furthermore, CHRM provides a global aspect and IHRM facilitate centralization of work within organization. The organization implies Comparative Human Resource M anagement (CHRM) and Integrative Human Resource Management (IHRM) in order to investigate the areas of improvement.In the next part of this section, we shall discuss how CHRM and IHRM are cogitate to the practice of personnel management and work group management.HRM versus Personnel ManagementPersonnel Management is typically related to the practices and guidelines associated with management of employees working in an organization. As discussed earlier (in section 1 overview), HRM also defines the practices related to the supervision of the employees in an organization. So, what is the difference between Personnel Management and HRM?Bratton et al. (2007) describes the evolution of personnel management and any(prenominal) of the key differences between Personnel Management and HRM. In England (1970), when a new legislation was approved, promoting the equality in employment, there was an unexpected increase in the functions and precondition of personnel manager. A study conducted by Donovan Commission states that since 1914 there has been a constant process of personnel managers with most of them found to be men. One of the key functions of personnel manager was to deal with Trade Unions. Second World War increased the demand of personnel managers and in 1989, the personnel specialists/managers rose to 35,548.The following encounter (Figure 1.3) describes the difference between Personnel Management and HRM.Personnel ManagementHuman Resource Management (HRM)Personnel Management is a subset of Human Resource ManagementHuman Resource Management is integrated with strategic plan of an organizationPersonnel Management provide more significance to Legally Constructed ExchangeHuman Resource Management provide more significance to Psychological ContractPersonnel Management deals with the activities related to the supervision of an employee like recruitment, training, counseling etcMajor objectives of Human Resource ManagementEncourage learning at workplaceHigh emp loyee commitmentImprove instruction execution of the organizationPersonnel Management facilitates Work sort out management and improves the management processHRM focus more on an individual aspect and marginalize the collective measure of the aspects between an individual and managementFigure 1.3 Difference between Personnel Management and HRM Bratton et al. (2007)However, as the main purpose of Personnel Management and Human Resource Management is to improve the relationship between the employer and employees, the term Personnel Management and HRM can be used interchangeably.Personnel management deals with functions like counseling for employees, security of personal information and proper moving in description. Personnel management also gets effected by the impact of cultural differences. Both comparative and integrative human resource management provides a framework which defines the guideline for the practices of personnel management. However, due to the swift growth of cabl e across nations, personnel management practices should also be revised constantly.Work stem management can also be delineate as a subset of Human Resource Management which consists of a group that manages the working practices followed by an organization. Work Group management confronts a crucial challenge due to the increase in change of culture and beliefs. CHRM and IHRM provide an analysis of the cultural difference which can be useful in design of work group management. Many believe that the concern raised by diversity is simply ignored while establishing HRM policies and practices in an organization. This might result in greater conflicts and low performance.Considering the perception of organization culture, western management culture has unceasingly been referred to the things that are not regarded as religious, spiritual and sacred. The universalistic approach makes western management culture give more emphasis to dehumanizing treatment of individuals and neglect the im portance of incorporating cross-cultural and shared value perspective within the organization. man-to-mans are often referred as resources of the organization, which helps the organization to fulfill their requirement in the process of achieving blood line targets. On the opposite hand, non-western management culture involves a big fraction of human characteristics at work. Non-western management culture also describes equal importance to otherworldliness and cultural differences between the employees of the organization.Theory AnalysisAs discussed in the previous section, Integrative HRM and Comparative HRM help the organization to build a strategic HRM which in turn allows the organization to design competitive strategies in relation to their HRM policies and practices. However, as business is growing more and more in a borderless world, the organization has to deal with two important challengesMaintain correlation between their national units which operates in respective nati onal cultures.Employees of the organization have difference in cultural value. there are two ways of taking the discussion forward, one is at macro level (among different national culture) and endorse is at micro level (people possess different cultural value).Boone et al. (1997) identified that integration opportunity and constraining diversity were two main issues faced by the managers in Europe. In 1991, various multinational companies which were operating in Europe were in tight spot of making a strategic decision whether to lease the European style of management or to continue with their own style of management satisfying all the norms of local-national culture. This involved an investigation from legal, social, economic and political point of view.According to Jackson (2002), there are four dimensions to represent the value systems of any national culture.Power DistanceUncertainty AvoidanceIndividualismMasculinityAn organization can take up either integrative approach or dif ferentiation approach for their HRM practices. For example, an operational unit of an organization decides to adapt the HRM practices which are followed by the host country. This results in differentiation of HRM practices between the parent company and its subsidiary. What happens when the companys growth is coupled with both the parent company and other operational units?Now, let us try to answer the above asked question by considering the management culture followed in different parts of the world.Swedish Management glossinessWestern management culture is generally referred to Western Machine Model as business organizations give more emphasis to economic success and often focus more on task completion and outputs rather than creativity, emotions and spirituality. Leaders grow a vision whereas managers develop plans base on Leaders vision, the employees/workers concentrate on its implementation. In most of the western countries, robust HRM structure provides broad range of ince ntives based on the cistrons like opportunities, participation and working conditions. Jackson (2002) states that, when the act of co-determination at work was passed in 1976, the managers and union representatives were assigned equal right to information and managers were instructed to consult the unions before making any major management decision. Since the end of 1980s, distinctions between blue-collar and white-collar workers were supported by associate agreements which diminished the effect of trade unions at the workplace. Constant growth in service industries also resulted in weak trade union representation. In 1994, Sweden joined European Union. Swedes tend to focus more on social democracy and equality. They are impassively practical and bias towards rational reasons which define their sensible approach towards life. Jackson (2002) identified leash main factors of Swedish Cultural valueLove of natureIndividualism through self-developmentEqualityAs per Jackson (2002), Swed ish management culture is considered to be ambiguous by the foreign managers. Informal relationships with subsidiary, avoiding conflict, low in power distance, high in individualism, low in uncertainty avoidance, unclear objectives are some of the key traits of Swedish organizations. The factor of equality can be unders likewised by the fact that 75% of the women constitute the workforce.In order to explain this in more detail, Jackson (2002) took an example of IKEA Furniture Distribution Industry. Since its beginning, IKEA faced a massive challenge of maintaining its Swedishness along with the strategic decision of adapting local-national culture in which they are operating. IKEA has been a global player from past 25 year which includes some of their biggest market in United States of America, France and Germany. Just like Swedish culture, IKEAs management style is also informal denying the actuality of employee as replaceable and interchangeable component. Common practice of shari ng knowledge and skills were seen among managers towards their subordinates. Discussion and explanation were prime sources used in order to spread their organizational culture rather than formal training programs. Human resource management has also followed the same Swedish approach. Recruitments were made on the root of good interpersonal skills and high potential whereas less emphasis is given to formal qualifications. Shortly, IKEA started having trouble with their subsidiaries in countries like Germany, France and USA. Issues pertaining managers authority, informality, rail line description, assessing risks, indecisiveness, lack of formal rules were some of the key concern for IKEA. IKEA also lost some of their key American managers in the same process. In order to overcome the above mentioned inadequacy, Jackson (2002) proposed a multicultural model. This model suggests that people having different cultural values should work together. Cultural differences and business moral ity should not affect each other when communicating across nations. Boone et al. (1997) describes three types of diversity (refer figure 1.4) from the managerial perspective.Types of diversityExamplesDiversity in negotiated environmentTax rulesSubsidization practicesFinancial reporting requirementsQuality and harvest-feast standardsAdministrative diversityInternal accounting rulesInformation systemsManufacturing systemsInherited diversityCustomer preferencesEmployee characteristics line of reasoning systemsFigure 1.4 Three types of diversity Boone et al. (1997)Japanese versus UK/European Business ModelUnlike western management culture, Japanese management style stress more on getting in groups to provide a solvent of the problem. Motivation plays a very important role in determining the performance of any organization. However, Japanese organizations stay short on the motivational factor as yet report very high productivity.Azhashemi et al. (1999) describes, that in recent years, more importance has been given to efficient frameworks in order to improve the quality of the management practice. Japanese management style introduced arrive Integrated Management (TIM) framework to enable the organization to interrelate each of their facets. As multiple factors are association hands with management quality, it becomes arduous for an organization to focus on each of these factors and enhance their quality of management practice. The following figure illustrates six critical factors delimitate in Total Integrated Framework (TIM) which are essential for the success of an effective organization.Business StructureManagement ResourcesManagement somaCorporate CultureManagement PerformanceManagement CycleFigure 1.5 Critical Factors of Total Integrated Management (TIM) Framework Azhashemi et al. (1999)Total Integrated Management (TIM) framework helps the organization to identify the missing loop in their management practice by defining how the management round of dr inks affects four factors of the organization (Business Structure, Management Resources, Management Design and Corporate Culture) which in turn reflects the performance of the management practices. Azhashemi et al. (1999) also describes that the quality of management cycle is directly proportional to the remaining five factors. If the management cycle shows high quality level, the six factors produce an excellent loop that enables the organization to be proactive and implement them.As discussed earlier, Japanese organizations show low job mirth. Career or Job satisfaction can be considered as a division of motivation. Jackson (2002) identified that motivational factors include both individual attributes and cultural values. The following figure describes the cultural differences among East Asian and Western cultures which constitutes the motivational factors.East AsianWesternEquityWealthGroupIndividualSavingConsumptionExtended Family RelationsNuclear and mobile familyHighly discipl ined/motivated workforceDecline in work ethic and hierarchyProtocol, rank and statusInformality and personal competenceAvoid conflictConflict to be managedFigure 1.6 Motivational Factors Jackson (2002)The core objective of spirituality is non-economic, yet critical for an individual. spiritism consists of two main elements which are vision and inspiration. This refers to a framework in which more focus is offered to the individual eliminating the possibility of marginalization of human being. However, the perception of Japanese organization about their employees differs from that of western organization which consider employee as Intellectual Capital. Jackson (2002) defined seven spiritual values which are identified in the Japanese culture.National service through industryFairnessHarmony and cooperationStruggle for bettermentCourtesy and humilityAdjustment and soaking upGratitudeJackson (2002) classifies British management culture as low measure of power distance, high on individ ualism, high on masculinity and very low measure of uncertainty avoidance. British organizations are not total learning organizations. However, British management culture is built around the concept of action learning. The second generation of Learning Organizations can be described as Knowledge Management a transition from British Management demeanor to Japanese Management Style. Jackson (2002) also suggested following methodology for management learning.Azhashemi et al. (1999) illustrates that UK/European business model framework helps the organization to increase management standards and performance. The basis of this framework is Total Quality Management (TQM) which mainly concentrates on customer satisfaction. This business model consists of nine elements (refer figure 1.7) which enables the organization to assess their business results.These nine elements are provided divided into two major categories Enablers and Results. Enablers consist of elements which convert input in to output whereas Results allows the organization to measure their level of output. UK/European business model used a method of self-assessment in order to link and improve each facet of an organization. Azhashemi et al. (1999) suggested some of the key benefits of the self-assessment method.An objective assessment against credible and proven criteria.An assessment based on evidence.An opportunity to focus improvement where it is most dealed.An opportunity to promote sharing of good, effective approaches within the organization.An opportunity to learn.The analysis of Total Integrated Management (TIM) of Japanese management style and UK/European business model indicates that the two frameworks concentrate mainly on the concepts of Total Quality Management (TQM). Policy and outline are the two main elements of Total Integrated Management (TIM) framework which displays the belief of Japanese management style that these policies and strategies can affect both business and management f actors. On the other hand, UK/European business model enables the organization to achieve high standards.Indian Management CultureIndian management style is based on its diversity with many religions, customs and ethics. Many believe that the managerial behaviour in India is influenced by values and beliefs an individual possess. Some also believe that people work in an organization only to nuture their supervisors. uncannyity plays an important role in Indian management style. Employees often feel difficult to choose between culture of the organization where they work and their own spiritual beliefs. Due to this, it is very often that people resign their job and start their own business which allows them to live based on their own spiritual values.Kumar et al. (2005) describes that the managers in Indian organizations often display emotionality in decision making. The individualism and communism goes hand-in-hand in Indian management style. Individualism defines more importance t o an individual goal whereas collectivism refers to high importance to objectives of a group.It is often seen that spirituality acts as an vital function of the management style in which influence of the culture is more dominant. Pawar (2009) defined a relationship between individual spirituality, workplace spirituality and work attitudes. Individual spirituality injects into the workplace spirituality which in turn affects the motivation and involvement of an individual towards business ethics. Pawar (2009) explained this in figure 1.8.Individual SpiritualityWorkplace SpiritualityMeaning in workCommunity at workPositive organizational purposePositive Work AttitudesJob satisfactionJob involvementOrganizational commitmentFigure 1.8 Effect of Individual Spirituality and Workplace Spirituality on Work Attitudes Pawar (2009)However, Indian Management Style has been stirring towards Western management styles. During this process, difference in business practices and cultural values are s ome of the key challenges which are faced by Indian management style. Kumar et al. (2005) considered an example to explain this in detail, a subsidairy of South Korean firm in India. The study states that their employee receive targets which they should achieve on regular basis. Employees are also expected to raise their performance constantly. This shows that there is a shift from people-centric culture of Indian management style towards work-centric approach of western management style. Clark et al. (2000) defined the emphasis of HRM in seven European countries.In the last part of this section, we discuss advantages and disadvantages of the application of Comparative/Integrative human relations, Business Ethics and Spiritual/Cultural values to HRM practice.Figure 1.10 describes the advantages and disadvantages of the applications of Comparative and Integrative Human Relations to HRM practice.AdvantagesDisadvantagesProvides an overview of cultural differences at both organizational level and national levelBoth Comparative HRM and Integrative HRM approach only provide a theoretical framework and does not provide a solution-based frameworkProvides a measure of diversity level at both organizational level as well as national levelMajor challenges towards implementation areGlobalizing worldRobust transfer mechanismMore influence of personal valuesProvides cultural relativity between HRM model, theories and practicesBoth Comparative HRM and Integrative HRM approach are too expensive to implementProvides global perspective and aid centralization of workExisting dependence of HRM practices on the laws and regulations governed at national levelProvides the list of shortcomings in term of cultural issues and institutional issuesMarginalize the collective measure of various other aspects between an employee and the organizationHelps the organization in standardization and international learningCultural and Institutional issues occur during communication across nationsF igure 1.10 Advantages and Disadvantages of CHRM/IHRM on HRM PracticesFigure 1.11 describes the advantages and disadvantages of the applications of Business Ethics and Spiritual/Cultural values to HRM practice.AdvantagesDisadvantagesImproves the involvement and section of an employee at the organizationIndividual spirituality affects the workplace spiritualityHelps the organization to improve productivity in line with high job satisfaction arduous to manage the diversity in cultural values across organizationFacilitate the improvement of Personnel Management practicesDifference in business ethics and personal ethics results in greater conflicts in work group designProvides cultural relativity between HRM practices and aid international cultureHRM practices need constant modification on regular basisFigure 1.11 Advantages and Disadvantages of Business Ethics Spiritual/Cultural values on HRM PracticesSummaryAccording to Stashevsky et al. (2006), leadership styles in which leaders pos sess intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration and inspirational motivation to be provided to the followers is known as Transformational Leadership. The term Leadership has always been coupled with strategic human resource management (SHRM). Leadership is one of the key managerial traits used in order to understand SHRM. For the organization to adopt resource-based strategic human resource management, one of the vital constraints required is competencies related to leadership. Generally, in an organizational context, the definition of managerial leadership reflects a process in which an individual exhibits influence upon others. However, there is a difference between a leader and a manager. Bratton et al. (2007) also defined that the reflection of the fact leaders create a vision whereas managers develop plans explains the difference.The study reveals that the leadership style followed in western culture is more influenced by repressive nature of the components which co nstitutes leadership. On the other hand, non-western culture follows the authority displayed by the autocratic nature of leadership components. Many workers/employees in non-western management style are seen to accept incorrect orders as 1) they are not willing to challenge their supervisors and 2) to show respect to their superiors.HRM practices in an organization confront many challenges due to the influence of spirituality and difference in cultural values. There are advantages and disadvantages in integrating spiritual/cultural values to HRM practices. Comparative HRM and Integrative HRM provides a measure of HRM practices at both organizational and national level. Difference in personal values affects the work group design in an organization. Personnel management which facilitates work group management helps the organization to minify the effect of personal values by means of taking into account the security of personal information, counselling and specification on job. The fo llowing are the key issues faced by work group management due to the difference in personal values in a group.Greater conflictsPoor performanceLow job satisfactionTraditional practice of HRM or personnel management concentrates mainly on an individual and offers marginalization of various other aspects between an individual and the organization. Due to globalization, it is not feesible to negate the fact that business is growing in borderless world and differences in cultural values are bound to occur. There are concerns if the organization concentrates on spiritual/cultural values more than business ethics, there are issues if the organization cancel out the actuality of cultural and institutional differences.Universal HRM is the key to success.Universal HRM refer to the process of defining high-level HRM models, theories and practices at both organizational level and national level in order to provide the organization with highly motivated workforce and greater productivity. Irres pective of cultural, institutional and various diversities, Universal HRM allows the organization to achieve their business goals more efficiently. later on learning and analyzing the HRM practices followed in both western and non-western management style, Universal HRM is considered to be the Best-Practic